The Eucharist Essay -- essays research papers fc

Eucharist is the focal ritual of the Christian religion, where bread and wine are sanctified by an appointed pastor and devoured by the priest and individuals from the gathering in compliance to Jesus' order at the Last Supper, â€Å"Do this in recognition of me.† In the Orthodox and Roman Catholic houses of worship, and in the Anglican, Lutheran, and numerous other Protestant temples, it is viewed as a ceremony, which both represents and impacts the association of Christ with the loyal. Baptists and others allude to Holy Communion as a â€Å"institution,† as opposed to a holy observance, underscoring compliance to a rule. Generally, Jesus' order to his followers at the Last Supper to eat the bread and drink the wine â€Å"in recognition of me† establishes the foundation of the Eucharist. This particular order happens in two New Testament records of the Last Supper, Luke 22:17-20 and 1 Corinthians 11:23-25. More established religious philosophy states that Jesus provided this order on this event to guarantee that Christians would eat and savor wine his memory as long as the congregation persevered. A basic way to deal with the Gospel writings, in any case, has made this end less certain. The order â€Å"Do this in recognition of me† doesn't show up in either Matthew's or Mark's record of the Last Supper. Thusly, various researchers have assumed that the undoubted experience of fellowship with the risen Christ at dinners in the days after Easter propelled in some later customs the understanding that such fellowship had been anticipated and instructed by Jesus at the Last Supper. The issue can presumably never be settled with complete fulfillment. Regardless, the act of eating dinners in recognition of the Lord and the confidence within the sight of Christ in the â€Å"breaking of the bread† obviously were all inclusive in the early church. The Didache, an early Christian archive, alludes to the Eucharist twice at some length. The Didache and the New Testament together show significant decent variety in both the training and the comprehension of the Eucharist, however no proof exists of any Christian church where the holy observance was not celebrated.      The improvement of Eucharistic precept fixates on two thoughts: nearness and penance. In the New Testament, no endeavor is made to clarify Christ's essence at the Eucharist. The scholars of the early church would in general acknowledge Jesus' wo... ...s of Scripture readings, a message, and supplications. This piece of the Eucharist, evidently adjusted from Jewish gathering place love, has been prefixed to the administration of bread and wine in any event since the center of the second century. The second piece of the administration, the â€Å"service of the Upper Room,† comprises regularly of a contribution of bread and wine; the focal Eucharistic supplication; the circulation of the sanctified components to admirers; and a last gift and excusal. This specific piece of the administration has its underlying foundations in the old customary table petitions said at Jewish suppers. The focal Eucharistic supplication, the Anaphora, which is Greek for â€Å"offering†, commonly contains a petition of thanksgiving for the making of the world and its reclamation in Christ; a record of the organization of the Last Supper; the oblation, or Anamnesisâ€the offering of the bread and wine in appreciative recognition of Christ; the Epiclesis, or conjuring of the Holy Spirit on the bread and wine and on the assembly; and supplications of intercession.Bibliography Underwood, Karen. The Eucharistic Prayer. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co., 1985 â€Å"Eucharist,† World Book Encyclopedia (1999 version), IV, 290-92.

The Evolution of leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Evolution of initiative - Essay Example These are basic in guaranteeing patient's prosperity. Laborers in social insurance segments likewise have the right to be dealt with decently so as to work well for patients. Moral issues in social insurance area have additionally developed with time. At first, pioneers in the human services area were significantly worried about the patients' government assistance as it were. Later on the legislature settled on choices that significantly helped in running of social insurance office easily. (Bridgit, 2005) Pioneers in social insurance offices need to guarantee that moral issues must be clung to. For the most part, there are virtues that need to hold fast to in human services division. Every judgment or choice that is made in social insurance offices needs to hold fast to these standards. Morals in the social insurance area is an issue that has not been begun today. This issue can be followed back to the eighteenth and the nineteenth hundreds of years. During this time initiative has changed hands and the pioneers that have been in power have in one way or the other affected the choices that are made in the social insurance segment. In the year eighteen forty seven, there was the general selection of the general code of morals in the social insurance segment by the American Medical Association. Between the sixties and seventies, there was such a sensational move in the morals area. There were significant changes that were made including advancement of the entire hypothetical perspectives. Actually there was reconfiguration from equity that was procedurally based to bioethics when all is said in done. There are different qualities that support the whole practice in human services division. These are worried about moral choices and activities taken in human services area. The qualities really give a structure where clashes can without much of a stretch be comprehended in the event of event in the human services part. They incorporate the accompanying. Poise This viewpoint implies that patients going to a human services office reserve the option to respect. This doesn't simply allude to the patient just, yet the specialist or the medical attendant as well. Self-rule Another incentive in accordance with social insurance calling is by and large acknowledgment of right of an individual creation decisions by oneself yet it ought to be an educated one in accordance with their consideration. This implies individuals reserve the privilege to settle on their own choices in accordance with social insurance they like. (Kerridge, 2006) This anyway ought to be done in the wake of being given finished and exact data by attendants and so forth. This implies attendant ought to educate patients about consideration accessible and afterward regard their choice. This is whereby the patient has the general option to pick or even acknowledge the treatment. This implies the patient is a ultimate conclusion producer concerning their treatment. In the event that the patient I weakened, at that point a nearby relative can settle on the wellbeing choices of their benefit. Usefulness This is whereby a clinical specialist is required to act to the patient's wellbeing. This implies whatever move is made by a specialist or medical caretaker needs to upgrade the prosperity of the patient. In the event that the activity that will be taken isn't to the patient's wellbeing, at that point it would not be moral by any means. This worries all the moves that are made including medical procedure. This idea is commonly especially in accordance with the standards of mankind. Equity This viewpoint includes dissemination of assets in human services offices. This likewise concerns the assets that are rare. For this situation those that are included or the clinical professionals need to guarantee that they are reasonable when disseminating such

A 5-Year Columbia Students Take on On-Campus Housing COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A 5-Year Columbia Students Take on On-Campus Housing COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Columbia’s location in Morningside Heights has, inevitably, shaped the neighborhood and its development. Over the recent years, the University has acquired a number of apartment buildings in the Morningside Heights vicinity, as well as in Harlem and the Manhattan Valley. In 2008, Columbia even acquired the Arbor, an admittedly nice apartment complex located in Riverdale. In the Bronx. (Don’t worry. Columbia offers a shuttle between the Arbor and both the Medical Center and Morningside Heights Campi. Pick your poison). Here’s a quick overview of the pros and cons of pursuing University Apartment Housing (UAH). Pros: It’s lowkey your best bet to stay close to campus. As noted before, Columbia has acquired, and continues to acquire, many apartment buildings in the Morningside Heights neighborhood. From my experience, SIPA students who pursue UAH are placed within a ten-minute walk to the International Affairs Building (IAB). In fact, SIPA students who live on 118th Street, between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive live right across IAB. Geographically speaking, students may be placed within the rectilinear domain bounded by 106th Street, Riverside Drive, 120th Street, and Frederick Douglass Boulevard/Central Park West. Path of least resistance. Perhaps the least work-intensive housing search can be found with UAH. If approved for UAH housing, students indicate their preferred price point, fill out a personality questionnaire, supply additional documentation, if needed, and done! Students are notified once they are placed, and the contact information of their potential roommate/suitemate is passed along. Upon arrival to campus, residents pay a visit to the UAH office (near the corner of 119th and Morningside) to sign a lease, and off they go! ‘Tis the season for sublets. School’s out for summer. But you’re not! UAH leases last for the entire duration of your student status. That means the apartment remains yours for the summer. If you’re interning or working in New York, you’re free to remain in your apartment. However, if your research sends you to Rome, or your internship places you in Iqaluit, you have the ability to sublet your apartment. The transient nature of the neighborhood means that someone would be more than happy to sublet your space. You’re also allowed to charge your subletter a premium, a rate higher than your rent, within reason. UAH has rules for that, but that discussion is best left for if you survive your first year a later time. Cons: UAH is not guaranteed. There is no way for the University to provide housing to its close to 20,000 postgraduates. That said, the various schools are allocated housing spaces; in turn, each school has its own process to determine which students received UAH. At SIPA, the Office of Student Affairs facilitates the UAH process, approving students throughout the summer. A number of factors can determine UAH eligibility including geographic distance away from New York, ability for a student to produce a credit report or credit history, among other things. If you pursue UAH, be sure to pursue other housing options until you receive an offer from UAH. UAH is (relatively) expensive. Going with UAH means paying for convenience. To quantify it, UAH offerings price between $850 to $1,500 per month, ($2,300 for couples/family spaces). Depending on the placement and contract, this price may or may not include utilities. The premium you pay relieves the stress of finding a place, using a broker, etc. That said, it is possible to find cheaper housing, with rooms in Morningside Heights going as low as $700, even $600. If you don’t mind venturing two or three stops north on the 1 line, you’ll surely get more for your money. Pro-tips: Make friends with a Columbia person who knows what’s up. They’ll be able to let you into various Facebook groups for housing (some pending activation of your UNI and email). Use OCHA! The Off-Campus Housing Assistance site can be a happy medium between an expensive UAH while still staying within the Columbia community. OCHA compiles a list of spaces posted by Columbia affiliates. Check them out! Bits of advice: Morningside Drive and Morningside Avenue are two different streets! Morningside Drive is the western border of Morningside Park, closer to campus. Morningside Avenue is the Park’s eastern border. Live where you want. Wanna live right next to school? That’s cool. All about the Chelsea life? That’s cool too. As bad gal Riri once said, “Ain’t got not time for no haters, just live your life.” Don’t mind a 30-40 min. bus ride? Check out Astoria in Queens. Great food, affordable places, and it’s an easy trip straight to the campus gates with the M60 Select Bus Service. Note from Admissions: To our incoming students, dont forget to register for the Housing Webinar tomorrow through the Welcome Portal!

Heart Disease Disease Control And Prevention - 1679 Words

Heart disease has been around as early as the 1900s and is the number one killer of men and women in the United States. According to the CDC about 610,000 people die of heart disease in the United States every year, which is 1 in every 4 deaths (Heart Disease Facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Killing roughly over 370,000 people yearly, coronary heart disease is clearly the most common type of heart disease (Heart Disease Facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Even though the cause and effects of heart disease began to become visible around the 1900s, the actual history of this disease dates as far back as ancient Egypt. During the 1800s, a German Egyptologist and novelist, Georg Ebers came across an Egyptian papyrus in Thebes. In it had data regarding information on how to detect heart failure. With his discovery, the Egyptians basically knew how the heart operates a nd how to spot the symptom and treat the problem. Other names for heart disease are: Arrhythmia, Broken heart syndrome, Coronary heart disease, Coronary microvascular disease, Heart failure, and Sudden cardiac arrest. Before I get any further, we must first know what heart disease actually is? Well, heart disease is a range of conditions that affect your heart. What Causes Heart Disease? Studies show that heart disease starts with damage to the lining and inner layers of the coronary heartShow MoreRelatedCenters for Disease Control and Prevention629 Words   |  3 PagesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention Weam Khadim PBHE501-American Public University May 21, 2013 Dr. Shalah Watkins-Bailey Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Control and Prevention is a national public health federal agency under Department of Health and Human Services headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. It is division of Department of Health and Human Services responsible for managing national programs for control and prevention of communicable diseases and VectorRead MoreThe Newborn Screening : Genetic Diseases : Blood Samples Collected Bill No3458 Words   |  14 PagesAbstract The document examines the Newborn Screening: Genetic Diseases: Blood Samples Collected Bill No. 170, introduced by Assembly Member Mike Gatto on January 22, 2015. The law requires to amend Section 125000 of, and to add Sections 125003, 125004, and 125005 to, the Health and Safety Code, relating to newborn screening. According to the bill, the State Department of Public Health is required to establish a program for the genetic disease testing and follow up services for newborn children. All newbornRead MoreCardiovascular Disease And Heart Disease981 Words   |  4 PagesCardiovascular disease has reportedly been the number one disease killer for men and women in the United States of America. Every one out of four deaths is caused by heart disease in the United States alone (Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention). Heart disease refers to the different types of conditions and symptoms that can affect the one’s heart and its functions to the body (Mayo Clinic). Cardiovascu lar/Heart disease has many causes and conditions, prevention methods and symptoms, andRead MoreCenter for Disease Control Essay example1421 Words   |  6 PagesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention is example of a government run agency. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is one of the most important health agencies in the world. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a federal government run agency that relies on stakeholders and partners to offer important insight in planning and evaluating, and contributions in helping Americans live long, healthy, and satisfying lives. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention TheRead MoreHeart Disease : The Highest Leading Cause Death For Men And Women Within The United States1592 Words   |  7 PagesStates is heart disease. The number of deaths for heart disease is 611,105; this is more than half of a million lives being claimed by heart disease. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Leading Causes of Death). This disease tends to be preventable, even though it’s the highest cause of death. In order to prevent one self from having a heart disease, individuals should take the right precautions throughout their everyday lives to reduce the risk of contracting different types of heart diseases;Read MoreMaking the Better Choice-How Our Choices Affect our Health792 Words   |  3 Pagesmental health and mood. It also decreases one’s risk of cardiovascular diseases because it gives you more â€Å"good† cholesterol and keeps blood flowing smoothly (Fitness.). So, what about the things that can happen if you don’t ge t enough exercise? According to the web page Exercise Trends, â€Å"Each year at least 1.9 million people die as a result of physical inactivity. †Physical inactivity has also been linked to heart diseases (Woznicki). Plus, without exercise, one can become overweight, leadingRead MoreHealth Promotion and Preventions1489 Words   |  6 PagesHealth promotion and disease prevention are processes that enable individuals to improve their health. Health promotion seeks to increase an individual’s control over their health by addressing behavior under the control of the individual. Disease prevention is associated with medical and public health activities to prevent diseases. Health promotion and disease prevention have been utilized in the U.S. health care system for many of years and extensive research has been done on which preventiveRead MoreThe Vulnerability of African Americans to Heart Disease1347 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican Americans and Heart Disease in the United States Name: Professor: Institution: Course: Date: Introduction The American Medical Journal explains that the heart disease is one of the deadliest medical conditions. Medical experts reckon that heart disease is a lifestyle disease, which emanates from excessive consumption of the wrong dietary combination. Foods such as fats and carbohydrates often expose individuals to the threat of heart disease. Consuming fast foods from McDonalds alsoRead MoreHeart Disease And Its Symptoms And Identify Groups Most At Risk1278 Words   |  6 Pages Heart Disease Student name Instructor name Course name Date Heart disease is a term that describes many different varieties of heart conditions. This paper will define heart disease, list its symptoms and identify groups most at risk. It will also discuss prevention strategies and treatment options. Some are more prone to health issues than others but all can lessen their likelihood of contracting heart disease. Thankfully due to modern medical advancements treatment options are variedRead MoreEac Research Paper. â€Å"Where There’S Smoke, There’S Fire!†1085 Words   |  5 Pagescigarettes come to mind. I have personally witnessed the evils of smoking, some of them being small and others large. Problems anywhere from respiratory problems to severe health crises and even mortality can occur. Smoking can cause many different diseases, including cancer. According to Betabaccofree.gov, tobacco is comprised of more than seven thousand chemicals, of which seventy of those chemicals are proven to cause cancer (Effects of Smoking on Your Health). Nearly six million people perish every

Analysis of the Poem, The Rape of the Lock Essay - 1251 Words

In classic literature it is considered a sin to think too highly of yourself, having too much pride or vanity would lead to feelings of dislike by people of your class. The reason you would be disliked is because your peers will get annoyed with you. In â€Å"The Rape of the Lock,† by Alexander Pope, he takes that distaste and annoyance toward people to a whole new level. In this now classic new twist on epic poetry, it’s timeless characters can be anyone from any time period. Pope’s version of epic poem is a very welcome twist to an old classic. He took the original traits of the poem and revamped it to become his own. The Rape of the Lock is a poem in which things, not people, are the heroes. The diminution of the human, made ridiculous†¦show more content†¦However, there are some out there who believe that she needs to be taught a lesson, that looks are not everything. Fairest of mortals, thou distinguished care Of thousand bright inhabitants of air†¦ Some secret truths, from learned pride concealed†¦Think not, when woman’s transient breath is fled, That all her vanities at once are dead: Succeeding vanities she still regards, And though she plays no more, o’erlooks the cards. Her joy in gilded chariots, when alive, and love of ombre, after death survive (1138-39). Pope in the first canto uses excellent phrases and play on words to draw you into his poem of the abnormal. When reading any part of the poem it can associate with any time period. It is that style that continues to make the poem still popular today. Right from the beginning it has traits that get you hooked and puts the reader in shock for how selfish and naà ¯ve Belinda appears. She gets a warning from Sylphs at the beginning of the tale. It appears in a dream. Dreams are a common in many epic tales, epics haven’t always been in poetry form. For example, Shakespeare gave many of his characters warnings in his plays. In â€Å"Macbeth† one of the most famous, Macbeth is having dreams along with visions trying to warn him of dangers that are going to come. In Belinda’s dream Sylphs were trying to warn her that there was going to be man who was going to kill her vanity. Since she doesn’t believeShow MoreRelatedAnne Finchs Opposition to The Rape of the Lock Essay examples1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rape of the Lock The Restoration Period (1660-1700) was a period of social, political and philosophical turmoil, which laid the foundation for future centuries. This period was marked by an advance in colonization and trade and by the birth of the Whig and Tory parties. In poetry, works of Alexander Pope and Anne Finch and a number of other poets distinguishes the Restoration. But, there are several objections from these poets; one particular opposition occurs between Pope’s The Rape of theRead MoreGender and Power Dyanics in ; ‘Oroonoko’ by Aphra Behn and ‘the Rape of the Lock’ by Alexander Pope1610 Words   |  7 PagesPaper 1; ‘Oroonoko’ by Aphra Behn and ‘The Rape of the Lock’ by Alexander Pope The relationship between gender and power dynamics is relevant to the understanding of literature through the ages. However, the widespread problematic belief that women are simply the passive, powerless victims of male power is oversimplified and outdated. Power relations, as theorized by Foucault in ‘The History of Sexuality’ are far more complex; the dynamic is ever-changing, from moment to moment and therefore anyRead MoreMy Last Duchess By Robert Browning And The Rape Of The Lock2224 Words   |  9 Pages â€Å"My Last Duchess† by Robert Browning and â€Å" The Rape of the lock† by Alexander Pope are two poems that convey a theme of love and objectification towards women.For instance, both poems are similar in their use imagery and metaphors to grasp their audience attention. For example, in â€Å"My last duchess† the author shows the wife in the poem as an item controlled by her husband and uses his love for her as an excuse to abuse his po wer. Her life is ruled by him and she would have to deal with his insaneRead MoreAlexander Pope Essay6204 Words   |  25 PagesThe Rape of the Lock Context Alexander Pope was born in London in 1688. As a Roman Catholic living during a time of Protestant consolidation in England, he was largely excluded from the university system and from political life, and suffered certain social and economic disadvantages because of his religion as well. He was self-taught to a great extent, and was an assiduous scholar from a very early age. He learned several languages on his own, and his early verses were often imitations of poetsRead MoreLiterary Analysis of The Rape of the Lock Essays1922 Words   |  8 Pagestime period today. The Rape of the Lock, his most notable publication, was actually inspired by the real world event when a Lord Petre cut of a lock of Arabella Fermors hair. Form, structure, and plot: The poem is a mock epic divided into 5 short cantos, very similar in form to Shakespeares acts. The first act is a kind of exposition, giving background information about Belinda. Canto 2 introduces the conflict--the Barons desire to cut off and steal Belindas locks; canto 3 encompasses theRead MoreEssay on The Poet2818 Words   |  12 Pagestaken from an Edgar Allen Poe story titled â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† in which the main character is Rodrick Usher. As McEvoy used this information about RUSHER, he also related his brother’s line ‘Out of Space out of Time’ to a Edgar Allen Poe poem called â€Å"Dream-Land.† Sean McEvoy was deeply involved with the investigation of the homicide of a young adult named Teresa Lofton who was found in a public park with her body completely cut in half. The case apparently highly disturbed McEvoy, toRead MoreHow I Read Literature Like A Professor Notes3177 Words   |  13 Pagesor another Chapter 4- Sonnets †¢ Characteristics of sonnets o 14 lines o Iambic pentameter o Lines have 10 syllables o 10 syllables is as long as 14 lines- square o There are always 2 sections- each meaning with its own meaning (although connected) o Poem is written in lines but read in sentences (stopping at the end of each line will make no sense) †¢ Petrarchan Sonnets- o First stanza is composed of 8 lines, and the second is composed of 6 o Each stanza contains a rhyme scheme o The first 8 lines containRead MoreIs Lolita a Love Story or Pornography?3043 Words   |  13 Pagesin an extremely possessive way. His obsession is shown through him pinning the young girl down to prevent her from growing. An example for this is his jealousy towards her male friends and the fact that he rapes her several times and locks her up. Humbert effectively uses Freudian analysis of the early death of his parents and especially the death of the one girl he truly loved In a princedom by the sea, to excuse his perversion. Reasons for his obsession to possess and use her whenever heRead Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 Pagesjokes if they make us feel superior, amidst our own ethnic group, to any supposed inferior group. Humor is also sometimes an inappropriate response to an event. Hearing of evils like the killing of an innocent person, the demeaning of a child, or the rape of a woman should elicit not humor but sorrow. As the Bible’s book of Ecclesiastes says, there is â€Å"a time to weep, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a time to dance.† Enlightening comments on the relationship of humor to wisdom were once madeRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pageslooking at alternative actions that can be taken, then considering the probable good consequences of each action and the probable bad consequences while weighing the positive and negative impact of each consequence. It’s a kind of cost-benefit analysis. Exercises 1. Columbus Day is an American holiday. Write a short essay that weighs the pros and cons and then comes to a decision about whether there should be more or less public celebration (by Americans and their institutions) on Columbus

Descartes and Skepticism Free Essays

Descartes and the problem of skepticism| Question: In Meditation III, Descartes argues that his idea of God could not have come from him, and so God must exist. How does this argument go? | Overview Rene Descartes was a great scientist, mathematician and philosopher. He was known for his extensive work on skepticism, and in particular a piece called â€Å"Meditations on First Philosophy† (written in 1641) which is still widely used by modern philosophers. We will write a custom essay sample on Descartes and Skepticism or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this publication, Descartes’ aim was to demonstrate that a persons’ soul is eternal and that God exists. He explains in Meditation One that it is possible to question the existence of all things; in Meditation two he goes on to give details regarding the existence of the mind and the soul. In the Third Meditation he gives arguments of proof of Gods’ existence; and in Meditation Four he explains the difference between truth and error. In the Fifth Meditation Descartes provides further arguments to prove the existence of God and in the Sixth and final meditation he brings it all together as he demonstrates how knowledge of the mind can be guided by God and therefore validates the knowledge we have of physical world. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010). This essay will explain Descartes argument of the existence of God with specific reference to the Third Meditation discussed in the class handout- ‘Descartes and the problem of Skepticism’. Meditation ?- God’s Existence In the Third Meditation, subtitled â€Å"On God’s existence,† Descartes is certain that he is a â€Å"thinking thing† (pg 142) and sets out to prove God’s Existence. There were two major standpoints noted in his argument, though they were found to be closely linked. Firstly, he tackles the idea that his own existence and thoughts must have come from somewhere or something. He goes on to explain that the thought he has of God is one of an â€Å"eternal, infinite, omniscient, omnipotent, creator of all things† (pg 143). As a result, Descartes argues that the idea of God must therefore be far more complex than his mind alone can perceive- since his idea of God is that of an infinite, perfect being and Descartes himself is a finite being lacking enough formal reality to create such an idea on his own will. Put simply, Descartes believes that the idea of God could not have been created in his own limited mind; and he establishes that God must be the originator of his thoughts and therefore God exists. Secondly, Descartes battles with the idea that his existence must have a cause. He discusses the various possibilities that might have caused his existence including that he might have created himself; he might have always existed; his parents created him; that he was created by something less benevolent and perfect than God; and lastly, that it was God who created him. Descartes takes on an elimination process to figure out which one of these possibilities are likely true. He discusses that he could not have created himself because as he says â€Å"I would have given myself every perfection† (pg 146). Next he dismisses the idea that he always existed simply because as he describes that he is a dependent being that needs to be continually sustained by another. Descartes establishes that the idea of his parents being his creator only reintroduces the same problem regarding their own existence. He then thought of the possibility of a less than perfect God being his creator- but he argues that the idea of perfection that exists in his mind could not have originated from a non-perfect being. With this established, Descartes concludes that there must be a perfect God who is the cause of his existence and his perfect idea of God. In analysis of Descartes position, the observation is made that the basis of his argument is causal reasoning. This is shown when he suggests that there must be a cause of the idea of a perfect God and that this perfect idea must come from God himself. In my own reflection, I thought that living a predominantly Christian society might be the cause of my own idea of God. I have learnt all that I know about God from my parents and by extension the society. It therefore follows, that my parents’ idea of God might have come from their parents also, whose idea somewhere along the line came from the church- which is also made up of men who has parents. Descartes argument supports that at the end of this causal chain, there has to be a first cause, which is God. Since there is no direct of evidence proving or disproving the existence of God, the belief in his existence is widely ccepted today, and the search for such a proof would always be a highly debatable and controversial topic. While there is still disagreement over Descartes argument as to whether or not God exists, it is generally agreed that God’s existence cannot be proved through the capacity of the mind and therefore we rely on such concepts as skepticism and rea soning to guide what we choose to believe of God. References * Smith, K. (2010, September 20). Descartes’ life and works. Retrieved October 11, 2011from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/descartes-works * Class Handout- Descartes and The Problem of Skepticism How to cite Descartes and Skepticism, Papers

The 7 Deadly Sins and 7 Cardinal Virtues Essay Example

The 7 Deadly Sins and 7 Cardinal Virtues Paper Overview The Seven Deadly Sins, also known as the Capital Vices or Cardinal Sins, are a classification of vices that were originally used in early Christian teachings to educate and instruct followers concerning (immoral) fallen mans tendency to sin. The Roman Catholic Church divided sin into two principal categories: venial, which are relatively minor, and could be forgiven through any sacrament of the Church, and the more severe capital or mortal sins, which, when committed, destroyed the life of grace, and created the threat of eternal damnation unless either absolved through the sacrament of confession, or otherwise forgiven through perfect contrition on the part of the penitent. Beginning in the early 14th century, the popularity of the Seven deadly sins as a theme among European artists of the time eventually helped to ingrain them in many areas of Christian culture and Christian consciousness in general throughout the world. One means of such ingraining was the creation of the mnemonic SALIGIA based on the first letters in Latin of the seven deadly sins: superbia, avaritia, luxuria, invidia, gula, ira, acedia. We will write a custom essay sample on The 7 Deadly Sins and 7 Cardinal Virtues specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The 7 Deadly Sins and 7 Cardinal Virtues specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The 7 Deadly Sins and 7 Cardinal Virtues specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Listed in the same order used by both Pope Gregory the Great in the 6th Century AD, and later by Dante Alighieri in his epic poem The Divine Comedy, the Seven deadly sins are as follows: (7) Luxuria(extravagance, later lust); (6) Gula(gluttony); (5) Avaritia(greed); (4) Acedia(sloth); (3) Ira(wrath); (2) Invidia(envy); and (1) Superbia(pride). Each of The Seven Deadly Sins has an opposite among the corresponding Seven holy virtues (sometimes also referred to as the Contrary Virtues). The identification and definition of the Seven deadly sins over their history has been a fluid process and the idea of what each of the seven actually encompass has evolved over time. This process has been aided by the fact that they are not referred to in either a cohesive or codified manner in the Bible itself, and as a result other literary and ecclesiastical works referring to the Seven deadly sins were instead consulted as sources from which definitions might be drawn. Part II of Dantes Divine Comedy, Purgatorio, has almost certainly been the best known source since the Renaissance, though many later interpretations and versions, especially those of the more conservative and Pentecostal Protestant denominations, have instead tended to portray the consequence for those guilty of committing one or more of these sins as being eternal torment in Hell, rather than possible purification through penance in Purgatory. The Sins == Lust (Latin: luxuria) Synonyms: Lust (fornication, perversion) Lust is usually thought of as involving obsessive or excessive thoughts or desires of a sexual nature. Unfulfilled lusts sometimes lead to sexual or sociological compulsions and/or transgressions including (but obviously not limited to) sexual addiction, adultery, bestiality, and rape. Dantes criterion was excessive love of others, which therefore rendered love and devotion to God as secondary. However, lust and love are two different things; while a genuine, selfless love can represent the highest degree of development and feeling of community with others in a human relationship, Lust can be described as the excessive desire for sexual release. The other person can be therefore seen as a means to an end for the fulfillment of the subjects desires, and becomes thus objectified in the process. In Purgatorio, the penitent walks within flames to purge himself of lustful/sexual thoughts. ==; Gluttony (Latin: gula) Synonyms: Gluttony (waste, overindulgence) Modern views identify Gluttony with an overindulgence of food and drink, though in the past any form of thoughtless excess could fall within the definition of this sin. Marked by unreasonable or unnecessary excess of consumption, Gluttony could also include certain forms of destructive behavior, especially for sport, or for its own sake. Substance abuse or binge drinking can be seen as examples of gluttony therefore. The penitents in the Purgatorio were forced to stand between two trees, unable to reach or eat the fruit hanging from either, and were thus described as having a starved appearance. Greed (Latin: avaritia) Synonyms: Greed (treachery, covetousness) Greed is, like Lust and Gluttony, a sin of excess. However, Greed (as seen by the Church) applied to the acquisition of wealth in particular. Thomas Aquinas wrote that Greed was a sin against God, just as all mortal sins, in as much as man condemns things eternal for the sake of temporal things. In Dantes Purgatory, the penitents were bound and laid face down on the ground for having concentrated too much on earthly thoughts. Avarice is more of a blanket term that can describe many other examples of sinful behavior. These include disloyalty, deliberate betrayal, or treason, especially for personal gain, for example through bribery. Scavenging and hoarding of materials or objects, theft and robbery, especially by means of violence, trickery, or manipulation of authority are all actions that may be inspired by greed. Such misdeeds can include Simony, where one profits from soliciting goods within the actual confines of a church. == Sloth (Latin: acedia) Synonyms: Sloth (laziness, sadness, apathy) More than other sins, the definition of Sloth has changed considerably since its original inclusion among The Seven Deadly Sins. It had been in the early years of Christianity characterized by what modern writers would now describe as apathy, depression, and joylessness — the latter being viewed as being a refusal to enjoy the goodness of God and the world He created. Originally, its place was fulfilled by two other aspects, Acedia and Sadness. The former described a spiritual apathy that affected the faithful by discouraging them from their religious work. Sadness (tristitia in Latin) described a feeling of dissatisfaction or discontent, which caused unhappiness with ones current situation. When St. Thomas Aquinas selected Acedia for his list, he described it as an uneasiness of the mind, being a progenitor for lesser sins such as restlessness and instability. Dante refined this definition further, describing Sloth as being the failure to love God with all ones heart, all ones mind and all ones soul. He also described it as the middle sin, and as such was the only sin characterised by an absence or insufficiency of love. In his Purgatorio, the slothful penitents were made to run continuously at top speed. The modern view of the vice, as highlighted by its contrary virtue zeal/diligence, is that it represents the failure to utilize ones talents and gifts. For example, a student who does not work beyond what is required (and thus fails to achieve his or her full potential) would be slothful. Current interpretations are therefore much less stringent and comprehensive than they were in medieval times, and portray Sloth as being more simply a sin of laziness, of an unwillingness to act, an unwillingness to care (rather than a failure to love God and His works). For this reason Sloth is now often seen as being considerably less serious than the other sins. == Wrath (Latin: ira) Synonyms: Wrath (anger, hatred, prejudice, discrimination) Wrath may be described as inordinate and uncontrolled feelings of hatred and anger. These feelings can manifest as vehement denial of the truth, both to others and in the form of self-denial, impatience with the procedure of law, and the desire to seek revenge outside of the workings of the justice system (such as engaging in vigilantism), fanatical political beliefs, and generally wishing to do evil or harm to others. The transgressions borne of Wrath are among the most serious, including murder, assault, and in extreme cases, genocide. (See Crimes against humanity. ) Wrath is the only sin not necessarily associated with selfishness or self interest (although one can of course be wrathful for selfish reasons, such as jealousy). Dante described Wrath as love of justice perverted to revenge and spite. The wrathful in his Purgatorio were enveloped in blinding smoke. == Envy (Latin: invidia) Synonyms: Envy (jealousy, malice) Like Greed, Envy is characterized by an insatiable desire; they differ, however, for two main reasons: First, Greed is largely associated with material goods, whereas Envy may apply more generally. Second, those who commit the sin of Envy desire something that someone else has which they perceive themselves as lacking. Dante defined this as love of ones own good perverted to a desire to deprive other men of theirs. In Dantes Purgatory, the punishment for the envious is to have their eyes sewn shut with wire, because they have gained sinful pleasure from seeing others brought lowly. = Pride (Latin: superbia) Synonyms: Pride (vanity, narcissism), Hubris In almost every list Pride is considered the original and most serious of The Seven Deadly Sins, and indeed the ultimate source from which the others arise. It is identified as a desire to be more important or attractive than others, failing to give compliments to others though they may be deserving of them, and excessive love of self (especially holding self out of proper position toward God). Dantes definition was love of self perverted to hatred and contempt for ones neighbor. In Jacob Bidermanns medieval miracle play, Cenodoxus, Pride is the deadliest of all the sins and leads directly to the damnation of the famed Doctor of Paris, Cenodoxus. In perhaps the most famous example, the story of Lucifer, Pride was what caused his Fall from Heaven, and his resultant transformation into Satan. Vanity and Narcissism are prime examples of this Sin. In the Divine Comedy, the penitent were forced to walk with stone slabs bearing down on their backs in order to induce feelings of humility. Dante Alighieri (1265 1321) was a Catholic layman who wrote The Divine Comedy, which is really three epic poems in Italian: Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso, which are about Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven/Paradise, respectively. In Purgatorio, Dante places each of the seven sins on a level, with the higher levels closer to Paradise and the lower ones closer to Hell. The numbers in parentheses, in the above table, indicate the level where they are found in Purgatorio. Dante considers these sins as offenses against love, and groups them accordingly: PERVERTED Love:(1) Pride (2) Envy (3) Wrath/Anger INSUFFICIENT Love:(4) Sloth EXCESSIVE Love of EARTHLY GOODS:(5) Avarice/Greed (6) Gluttony (7) Lust Dante seems to have had a well-formed conscience. His emphasis on love, in the sense of Christian charity, is impressive. That is not to claim some sort of sainthood, but his ideas were very much in keeping with the teaching of the Catholic Church at a time when the practice of the clergy often fell short of the doctrine. The Divine Comedy Dante Alighieris The Divine Comedy is composed of three canticas (or cantiche) — Inferno (Hell), Purgatorio (Purgatory), and Paradiso (Paradise) — composed each of 33 cantos (or canti). The very first canto serves as an introduction to the poem and is generally not considered to be part of the first cantica, bringing the total number of cantos to 100. The first cantica, Inferno, is by far the most famous of the three, and is often published separately under the title Dantes Inferno. As a part of the whole literary work, the first canto serves as an introduction to the entire Divine Comedy, making each of the cantiche 33 canti long. The number 3 is prominent in the work, represented here by the length of each cantica. The verse scheme used, terza rima, is the hendecasyllable (line of eleven syllables), with the lines composing tercets according to the rhyme scheme ABA BCB CDC . . . YZY Z. The poet tells in the first person his travel through the three realms of the dead, lasting during the Easter Triduum in the spring of 1300. His guide through Hell and Purgatory is the Latin poet Virgil, author of the Aeneid and the Fourth Eclogue, and the guide through Paradise is Beatrice, Dantes ideal of a perfect woman. Beatrice was a real Florentine woman whom he met in childhood and admired from afar in the mode of the then-fashionable courtly love tradition which is highlighted in Dantes earlier work La Vita Nuova. The Satanic Bible In the Satanic Bible (Anton Szandor Lavey), it is addressed that these seven sins are all Satanic in nature, as they all lead to mental, emotional and physical gratification. The Seven Holy Virtues The Seven Virtues were derived from the Psychomachia (Contest of the Soul), an epic poem written by Aurelius Clemens Prudentius (c. 10) entailing the battle of good virtues and evil vices. The intense popularity of this work in the Middle Ages helped to spread the concept of Holy Virtue throughout Europe. Practicing these virtues is alleged to protect one against temptation from the Seven Deadly Sins, with each one having its counterpart. Due to this they are sometimes referred to as the contrary virtues. There are two distinct variations of the virtues, recognized by different groups. The Virtues Ranked in ascending order of sanctity, the seven holy virtues are: . Chastity (Latin: castitas) (purity, opposes lust, Latin: luxuria) — Courage and boldness. Embracing of moral wholesomeness and achieving purity of thought through education and betterment; . Abstinence (Latin: frenum) (self-control, opposes gluttony, Latin: gula) — Constant mindfulness of others and ones surroundings; practicing self-control, abstention, and moderation. . Liberality (Latin: liberalitas) (will, generosity, opposes greed, Latin: avaritia) — Generosity. Willingness to give. A nobility of thought or actions. . Diligence (Latin: industria) (ethics, opposes sloth, Latin: acedia) — A zealous and careful nature in ones actions and work. Decisive work ethic. Budgeting ones time; monitoring ones own activities to guard against laziness. . Patience (Latin: patientia) (peace, opposes wrath, Latin: ira) — Forbearance and endurance through moderation. Resolving conflicts peacefully, as opposed to resorting to violence. The ability to forgive; to show mercy to sinners. . Kindness (Latin: humanitas) (satisfaction, opposes envy, Latin: invidia) — Charity, compassion, friendship, and sympathy without prejudice and for its own sake. . Humility (Latin: humilitas) (modesty, opposes pride, Latin: superbia) — Modest behavior, selflessness, and the giving of respect. Giving credit where credit is due; not unfairly glorifying ones own self. Theology Restraint is the keystone of the seven holy virtues. The other holy virtues are created through selfless pursuits: . Valour — Pursuit of Courage and Knowledge . Generosity — Pursuit of Giving . Liberality — Pursuit of Will . Diligence — Pursuit of Ethics . Patience — Pursuit of Peace . Kindness — Pursuit of Charity . Humility — Pursuit of Modesty Roman Catholic Virtues The Roman Catholic church recognized the seven capital virtues as opposites to the Seven Capital Sins or the Seven Deadly Sins. According to Dantes The Divine Comedy the sins have an order of greatness, and the virtues a respective order of greatness as well. This order is shown below from the lowest to the highest. SinVirtue Lust(excessive sexual appetites)Chastity(purity) Gluttony(over-indulgence)Temperance(self-restraint) Greed(avarice)Charity(giving) Sloth(laziness/idleness)Diligence(zeal/integrity/Labour) Wrath(anger)Forgiveness(composure) Envy(jealousy)Kindness(admiration) Pride(vanity)Humility(humbleness) Cardinal and Theological Virtues Another list of the Seven Virtues consists of a combination of the four Cardinal Virtues and the three Theological Virtues: . Prudence, Justice (this is an eighth virtue), Temperance, and Fortitude . Faith, Hope, and Love (charity) This formulation shows clearly the combination of Greek virtues (the Cardinal Virtues, found in Plato, for example) with Christian virtues (found in 1 Corinthians 13). These virtues do not line up so nicely as opposites to the Seven Deadly Sins, but are commonly referenced as the Seven Virtues. This allowed non-Christians to base their behaviour on moral tenets other than those prescribed by Christians. In medieval ideology, only a Christian would have faith in God, look forward to a life after death and caritas, be able to carry out acts of charity towards fellow men based solely on love of God. The Eighth Virtue The Eight virtues are sometimes known as the Apostle Virtues, and is used in the anime/manga Chrono Crusade (Chrno Crusade). . Justice (Latin: Justicia) (honesty righteousness, opposes wrongness or dishonesty, (No Latin)) — Honesty, and the giving of righteousness. Being fair or telling the truth. Doing what is right and not what is wrong. It is the light of truth that conquers the dark of the wrong. Justness, equity, evenhandedness, impartiality, objectivity, neutrality, disinterestedness, morals, morality. . Justice — Pursuit of Righteousness and Honesty Bibliography Boyle, Marjorie ORourke [1997-10-23]. Loyolas Acts: The Rhetoric of the Self (The New Historicism: Studies in Cultural Poetics, 36). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20937-4. http://ark. cdlib. org/ark:/13030/ft2t1nb1rw/